The Effects Of Crime And Mental Illness - 1245 Words

Typically, mental conditions affect the cognitive and emotional aspects of a person. Thus, people with mental illness face a high risk of engaging in criminalized behaviors. Many pieces of research show that the US has the largest number of its citizens in prison with severe mental illness. This essay will analyze how crime and mental illness is a crisis in America that has fundamentally been avoided over the years that have seen the decline in institutions that were previously designed to help this population. According to studies, the United States has more than 2.2 million people in prisons and jails, and many of them have mild to severe mental conditions. According to Nicholas and Bryant, (2010), a survey of inmates in five different†¦show more content†¦Only one in every six inmates in jail and one in every three prisoners with mental illness get access to psychiatric treatment (James Glaze, 2006). There is no debate; the American prison system has become a de facto of mental health system. Notably, mental health care in American prisons started to get out of hand with closing the states sanatorium in the US (Lyons, 1984). There were about 558, 000 mental patients in states’ mental hospitals in 1955 (Nicholas Bryant, 2010). However, by the end of 1994, the states had closed down programs for about 87% of its patients. There were only about 72, 000 mental patients in the states mental hospitals (Nicholas Bryant, 2010). The fate of the discharged psychiatric patients was forgotten and little concern, if at all any, was given on follow-up programs. Consequent, the statistics on mentally ill individuals in jails and prisons have ever since been on the rise since the 1990s. Currently, there are many people with mental conditions in jails in the US than ever before. The impact of government on access to mental health care while in prison is limited (Paulson, 2012). Most states have inadequate systems for handling prisoners with a mental condition. Not to mention in adequate resources to help them once they are released. According to the Bureau of Justice, 2013, four in every ten inmates released from prison are prone to re-arrest within the first three years. The

Exam Guide Econs Free Essays

. Assume a monopolist faces a market demand curve P = 100 – 2Q, and has the short-run total cost function C = 640 + 20Q. What is the profit-maximizing level of output? What are profits? Graph the marginal revenue, marginal cost, and demand curves, and show the area that represents deadweight loss on the graph. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam Guide Econs or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. In question 2, what would price and output be if the firm priced at socially efficient (competitive) levels? What is the magnitude of the deadweight loss caused by monopoly pricing? 4. Show that if a firm is a natural monopoly, a government policy that forces marginal cost pricing will result in losses for the firm. . Suppose a change in technology available to fringe firms increases their elasticity of supply, altering the total fringe supply curve from p = 5 + Q, to p = 5 + 2Q. If market demand is Q = 20 – p, show the change in the residual demand curve using a graph. Is the dominant firm better off or worse off after the change? 6. If a monopolist has constant marginal cost MC = 20, and faces demand p = 80 – Q, what is the effect on consumer surplus of a $5 per unit tax on sellers? Is the tax revenue collected less than, equal to, or greater than the consumer surplus loss plus the reduction in profits? 7. Suppose a legislator introduced a bill that would decrease patent life for new drugs from 17 years to 10 years, based on the argument that it would reduce deadweight loss through lower prices. What argument could you make against such a change? 8. Suppose a monopoly is for sale. What specifically must be purchased by the buyer in order to retain its market position? How much would it be worth? 9. Suppose a monopolist faces a market demand curve Q = 50 – p. If marginal cost is constant and equal to zero, what is the magnitude of the welfare loss? If marginal cost increases to MC = 10, does welfare loss increase or decrease? Use a graph to explain your answer. 10. The chapter notes that one possible alternative to regulation is for the government to encourage competition. Would this be an efficient mechanism to increase efficiency in an industry where the incumbent firm is a natural monopoly? 11. If a monopoly firm sells a product with price $100, whose marginal cost is $30. What is the price/ marginal cost ratio? What is the Lerner Index? And what is the demand elasticity the firm believes it faces? 12. Suppose a monopoly firm with a constant marginal cost 10 faces an inverse linear demand function p = 50 – Q. What would be the profit-maximizing price and quantity if its marginal cost doubles? How does it compare to the outcome with original cost? Answers 2. First, derive the MR and MC functions; then set MC = MR and solve. See Figure 11. 1. Deadweight loss is equal to area abc. P = 100 ? 2Q R = 100Q ? 2Q 2 MR = dR/dQ = 100 ? 4Q MC = 20 100 ? 4Q = 20 Q* = 20 p* = 60 ? = 1200 ? 1040 = 160 Figure 11. 1 3. To solve for the competitive price and output, set MC = p. 20 = 100 ? 2Q * QC = 40 * pC = 20 The magnitude of the deadweight loss is $400, which is the area of triangle abc in Figure 11. 1. 4. See Figure 11. 2. If the firm is a natural monopoly, AC falls throughout the range of demand. When AC is falling, MC is below AC. By forcing the firm to price at marginal cost, revenue would be less than cost, and the firm would incur losses equal to area abcd. Figure 11. 2 5. See Figure 11. 3. The change in technology reduces the slope of the fringe firm supply curve, allowing them to supply more of the total demand at all prices above $5, making the dominant firm worse off. Figure 11. 3 6. The $5 tax increases MC to $25. Quantity falls from 30 to 27. 5, and price increases from $50 to $52. 50. Consumer surplus falls by $71. 875 (from $450 to $378. 25). Profits fall by $143. 75 (from $900 to $756. 25). Tax revenue collected is $137. 50 ($5 ? 27. 5 = $137. 50). See Figure 11. 4. Figure 11. 4 7. In order for the legislation to have a net positive effect, any social cost must be more than offset by the lower prices when the patent expires. Firms would engage in less research and development. If a firm b elieved that a project could only become profitable in the 11th through 17th year of the patent, it would not be funded, or may be funded at a less than efficient level. The reduction in health that occurs as a result represents the social cost of the policy. . The buyer would have to purchase whatever the source is of the monopolist’s barrier to entry, for example, a patent, or the control of a resource needed for production. The value of a barrier to entry is the discounted stream of profits that a monopolist could expect to earn from that monopoly. In the case of a patent it would be the discounted stream of profits that could be earned in the remaining years before the patent expires. 9. See Figure 11. 5. When marginal cost is zero, the firm sells 25 units of output for $25 per unit. The welfare loss is equal to the area of triangle abc, or $312. 50. When marginal cost increases to $10, the firm reduces output to 20, and the new welfare loss is def, or $250. 00. Figure 11. 5 10. No. If the incumbent firm is a natural monopoly, to encourage entry through any form of assistance or subsidy will reduce overall efficiency and lead to increased prices, because cost increases as per-firm output decreases. 11. The price/marginal cost ratio will be 100/30 = 3. 33. Its Lerner Index is 70/100 = 0. 7 and the firm believes it faces a demand elasticity of –1. 43. 12. Under MC = 10, we have 10 = 50 – 2Q, hence Q = 20 and p = 30. With the new marginal cost, we have 20 = 50 – 2Q. Hence Q = 15 and p = 35. How to cite Exam Guide Econs, Papers

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES MILITAR Essay Example For Students

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES MILITAR Essay Y DRAFT GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES MILITAR EssayY DRAFT To secure the continuing existence of the United States democracy against intractable religious fanaticism, whose goal is nothing less than a Muslim theocracy for all of Planet Earth, it is inevitable that general military conscription will again be implemented following the 2004 Presidential Election, despite political protestation to the contrary. Indeed, a backdoor draft, imposed by the Bush administration, has existed in our military for more than a two years, whereby current personnel are forced to serve past their retirement or end-of-enlistment dates. With very rare exceptions, every male residing in the United States 18 to 26 years of age is required by the Military Selective Service Act to register with the Selective Service System, and thereby subject himself to the possibility of involuntary military service. Yet, with the ongoing War on Islamic Terrorism, the prosecution of which has required the deployment of hundreds of thousands of U.S. military personnel, and stretched the National Guard and Reserve to its limit, absolutely no female in the U.S. is required to register. This clear fact of gender discrimination has not been focused upon in public discussions because an active draft has not been in effect since 1973. The United States Selective Service System offers on its Website a short history of the draft with respect to women. The primary reason given for non-registration of women is a Supreme Court decision, Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981). Simply stated, it says that since all men registered with the Selective Service are considered combat replacements, and since Congress forbids women to go into combat, women should not be registered. Of course, this reasoning is absurd, since it presupposes that absolutely every male called for involuntary military service will be used exclusively for combat, and conversely that absolutely no male called will be used for the approximately 90% of military jobs which are non-combat related. Two identical pieces of legislation before the U. S. Congress, H.R.163 and S.89, referred to as Universal National Service Act of 2003, amend the Military Selective Service Act to authorize the registration of females. Unless exempted, they obligate the performance of a two-year period of national service either in the armed forces or in a civilian capacity that promotes the national defense, for all United States residents, male and female, between 18 and 26 years of age. Further perusal of this proposal reveals Section 5(d), which authorizes the President to apply different classification standards for fitness for military service and fitness for civilian service. This Section clearly permits the President to perpetuate the current double standard and pander to the female voting majority. Because of a Congressional rule exempting females, only males will be placed involuntarily into direct ground combat. Females, although subject to national service, will be spared the dirt and danger that is inherent in facing our countrys enemies. Section 5(d) guarantees that virtually all females will return whole and well to enjoy equal civil rights and equal veteran benefits, while those of their male peers who do return will have had a vastly different experience discharging their male-only civil responsibilities. Some questions arise as a result of these blatant facts of continuing gender discrimination: 1. Do equal civil rights for females obligate females to equal civil responsibilities? Should the absence of female civil responsibilities vis-a-vis military service commensurately diminish female civil rights? In light of the fact that only males are required by Federal Law to serve involuntarily in direct ground combat for up to six years of their lives, and to risk their very existence in that service, to what quantum degree should females civil rights be diminished? Why is the pretext of a logically flawed Supreme Court decision, and continuing legislative gender discrimination, allowed to exempt the female majority of the population from any possibility of involuntary direct ground combat? .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 , .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 .postImageUrl , .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 , .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11:hover , .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11:visited , .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11:active { border:0!important; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11:active , .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11 .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6729d65bd5d9166fd35a4ca6e19dcd11:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Utilitarianism Essay Thesis2. Should female members of the Legislative and Executive branches of government be permitted to vote for war or military conflict, i.e. to place only males into involuntary direct ground combat, while they and their daughters enjoy gender exemption from such civil responsibility? 3. Title IX demands that proportionately gender-equal funding be used for .