Zachman Framework

THE ZACHMAN FRAMEWORK FOR AND ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ENABLING ENTERPRISE STRATEGY What Data Function List of Processes How Where Network Who People When Time Motivation List of Goals Why List of Things List of Locations List of Organizations List of Cycles Scope Planner ENTITY = Class of Business Entities PROCESS = Class of Business Processes NODE = Class of Business Locations PEOPLE = Class of Business Organizations CYCLE = Class of Business Cycles END = Class of Business Objectives Scope Planner The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture s a comprehensive classification scheme for descriptive representations (models) of an enterprise. First conceptualized nearly two decades ago by John Zachman, it has evolved to become a universal schematic for defining and describing today's complex enterprise systems and for managing the multiple perspectives of an organization's information and knowledge infrastructure. e. g. , Semantic Model e. g. , Business Process Model e. g. , Logistics Network e. g. , Work Flow Model e. g. , Master Schedule e. g. , Business Plan INTERVISTA INSTITUTEEXECUTIVE EDUCATION Business Model (Conceptual) Business Model (Conceptual) ENTITY = Business Entity RELATION = Business Relationship I/O = Business Resources PROCESS = Business Process NODE = Business Location LINK = Business Linkage PEOPLE = Organization Unit WORK = Work Product TIME = Business Event CYCLE = Business Cycle ENDS = Business Objective MEANS = Business Strategy Owner Owner Intervista's Enterprise Architecture courses provide you with an in-depth understanding of the Zachman Framework and the key success factors for implementation.Over 5000 IT and Management Executives from all sectors have chosen Intervista for their professional development and strategic advancement. To learn more about our Enterprise Strategy, Enterprise Architecture and Knowledge Management Executive Education programs call 1-800-397-9744 or visit us at: www. Intervista-Institu te. com e. g. , Logical Data Model e. g. , Application Architecture System Model (Logical) e. g. , Distributed System Architecture e. g. , Human Interface Architecture e. g. , Processing Structure e. . , Business Rule Model System Model (Logical) TIME = System Event CYCLE = Processing Cycle ENDS = Structural Assertion MEANS = Action Assertion Designer ENTITY = Data Entity RELATION = Data Relationship I/O = User Views PROCESS = Application Function NODE = IS Function LINK = Line Characteristics PEOPLE = Role WORK = Deliverable Designer Technology Model (Physical) e. g. , Data Design e. g. , System Design e. g. , Technology Architecture e. g. , Presentation Architecture e. g. , Control Structure e. g. , Rule DesignTechnology Model (Physical) Builder ENTITY = Table/Segment/etc. RELATION = Key/Pointer/etc. I/O = Data Elements/Sets PROCESS = Computer Function NODE = Hardware/System Software LINK = Line Specifications PEOPLE = User WORK = Screen/Device Formats TIME = Execute CYCLE = Compo nent Cycle ENDS = Condition MEANS = Action Builder www. zifa. com e. g. , Data Definition e. g. , Program e. g. , Network Architecture e. g. , Security Architecture e. g. , Timing Definition e. g. , Rule Specification Detailed Representations SubcontractorENTITY = Field RELATION = Address I/O = Control Block PROCESS = Language Statement NODE = Addresses LINK = Protocols PEOPLE = Identity WORK = Job TIME = Interrupt CYCLE = Machine Cycle ENDS = Sub-condition MEANS = Step Detailed Representations Subcontractor www. ZachmanInternational. com Example Example Example Example Data Function Network Organization Example Example Schedule Strategy FUNCTIONING ENTERPRISE For the Enterprise Architecture Executive Education schedule call Intervista Institute at 1-800-397-9744. www. Intervista-Institute. com Copyright 2003, Intervista Inc. All rights reserved. Framework by permission John A. Zachman.

Identify characteristics of foundation subjects and primary curriculum

The importance of music is undeniable in today ‘s society. ‘ [ It ] plays an of import portion in mundane life: we hear it on the wireless, on the telecasting, in churches, in the supermarket ; we dance to it, relax to it and are refreshed by it. We seem to necessitate it ; in fact it is hard to conceive of society without some signifier of music. Such an indispensable demand would warrant its inclusion in any school course of study ‘ ( Gilbert 1992, p.6 ) . The cardinal accomplishments that underpin music as a primary topic are movable to a broad scope of other course of study countries. Harmonizing the national course of study ‘Teaching should guarantee that listening, and using cognition and apprehension, are developed through the interconnected accomplishments of ‘performing ‘ , ‘composing ‘ and ‘appraising † ( DfEE/QCA, 1999 ) . Listening is cardinal accomplishment within all national course of study topics, in peculiar literacy, to which hearing is a major portion of the cognition, accomplishments and understanding content. Listening is a accomplishment to which kids must develop if they are to pass on efficaciously. In every facet of the primary course of study, hearing is a accomplishment that needs changeless development. Appraising is the tem used to by the national course of study for measuring music. To measure efficaciously, in a musical sense, a kid must use their hearing accomplishments. Boys and Spink agree that â€Å" appraisal implies active listening with a specific intent in head and is a manner of coming to cognize and understand music † . Appraisal is a personal engagement with a piece of music, comparing and contrasting, ways of bettering and how it makes you experience. This accomplishment can be transferred into many curriculum countries such as showing an sentiment on a piece of poesy in literacy, comparing one balance to another in gymnastic exercises and the two stars and wish system of equal appraisal. Composition is the originative facet of music within the national course of study. ‘It involves making a piece of music with an connotation. It involves thoughts, possibilities, outlining and re outlining to make a coveted result and doing opinions about what is successful and why ‘ ( Jones and Robson, 2008 ) . The accomplishments that are necessary for composing music are farther highlighted by Boys and Spink, ‘Pupils have acquired a immense scope of movable accomplishments such as teamwork, co-operation and working to a brief or deadline every bit good as recorded grounds of their accomplishment ‘ ( 2008 ) . The most successful music lessons manage to integrate all of these elements of accomplishment within the one lesson taking to a public presentation of some description. The apogee of hearing, measuring and composing leads to a public presentation. Whilst on practical learning arrangement I managed to detect several music lessons in a Year One category that contained these elements. First the kids listened to their instructors say her name changing the pitch high and low and utilizing long and short notes. The category so had to reiterate back utilizing the same pitch. The kids could so propose at that place ain manner of singing their full name, changing the pitch and tone of their voices. The kids so sang their ain name to the category if they wanted to, in a safe scene, promoting the less confident kids to make so, reassuring the kids that they could non acquire it incorrect. Music has an exceeding manner of promoting kids as a kid does non hold to be musically adept to be successf ul. One piece of music may do a kid feel sad whilst make another kid happy. Music is a extremely adaptable topic that can be used to develop accomplishments in other countries of the course of study. A piece of classical music can be used in an art lesson to ‘paint a vocal ‘ , leting kids artistic freedom, to utilize different coppice shots, colorss and forms. Music can besides be used with topics that are non within the same bunch such as geographics. The national course of study provinces in its breath of survey that ‘during the cardinal phase, students should be taught the cognition, accomplishments and understanding through: a scope of unrecorded and recorded music from different times and civilizations ‘ ( DfEE/QCA, 1999 ) . This enables a strong cross-curricular nexus to geographics. It is of import that kids explore other states and their civilization, peculiarly its humanistic disciplines and music. Music is a basis of many societies which can take us to a greater understanding about that civilization. Children can see this th rough listening to music indigen of assorted states all over the universe and experimenting with different instruments. In today ‘s multicultural society it is indispensable that kids are exposed to a assortment of civilizations so they can exert regard and develop cognition and machination. Jones and Robson concur, saying that â€Å" the rules underpinning this are non merely that the kids themselves in the category that you teach will be drawn from diverse backgrounds that all kids turning up in a multicultural society are entitled to a course of study that reflects the diverseness of the state, further than that, kids are progressively required to hold on the planetary dimension of issues and some grasp of cultural assortment will enable this wider apprehension † ( 2008 ) . Geography it seems has an unsure hereafter harmonizing to Tilbury and Williams, ‘In some states the separate individuality of the topic is non recognized while in others it is frequently squeezed into elected constructions as force per unit areas mount on the limited sum of course of study clip ‘ ( 1997 ) . Geography has a batch to offer in enriching the primary course of study, the accomplishments that are taught and developed are particularly broad runing. Their spacial consciousness is developed by practising their map reading and doing accomplishments this is a strong nexus to the understanding belongingss of place and motion country of mathematics in the National Curriculum besides when roll uping and construing informations when reading graphs and studies. This gives the handling informations country mathematics and existent life state of affairs that it is used in geographics when analyzing information about other states. Childs have the chance to develop their exp erimental accomplishments through secondary beginnings such as artifacts, narratives, images and exposure. Not merely does this nexus to developing other humanistic disciplines topics such as history but besides in originative topics such as art. Bing able to depict and explicate and knock utilizing assorted artifacts is a valuable tool. Although the accomplishment set from geographics is good to kids, in today ‘s quickly changing universe, it is going of all time more critical to be triping interesting in geographical and environmental scientific discipline. It may be a kid that takes an involvement in the environment and sustainable development within a primary schoolroom, who has that concern nurtured throughout their instruction and is the 1 that developed a sustainable fuel we can all unrecorded with, basically altering the universe. In decision, English speech production and listening programmes which target the National Curriculum ( and besides the new Curriculum for Excellence in Scotland ) every bit good as the aims of the National Literacy Strategy ( NLS ) model. Teachers ‘ notes are besides available. Geography promotes attitudes and regard. The sameness between states to extinguish

Mason

Mason Gupte English 10118 Paper 3 The recreational use of cannabis should remain illegal in the United States of America. Cannabis, or marijuana, is a highly dangerous and addictive drug that not only leads to physical harm, but is a drug that if legalized, would inadvertently encourage the use of drugs among teenagers and adults all across the country. In recent years, the country has witnessed an increase in popularity in what is known as â€Å"medical† marijuana.Although it’s viewed today as a medicine and something that is offered to help patients in America, the positive aura being created around the drug is something that should be considered extremely alarming. The more people become accustomed to the idea of marijuana being acceptable, the more likely it becomes that a serious push for the narcotic to become legal could happen. Legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes would be detrimental for numerous reasons.Scientists have discovered enough about the act ive chemical in marijuana called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, to allow us to understand that is a substance that should not be tampered with. When a person burns marijuana and starts to inhale the smoke, the THC in the plant quickly passes from their lungs into their bloodstream, which transports the chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body. THC acts upon specific parts of your brain, called cannabinoid receptors, which then triggers a series of cell-based reactions that lead to the dangerous â€Å"high† that user will experience (www.DrugAbuse. Gov). These receptors are found in parts of the brain that affect pleasure, memory, thinking, concentrating, sensory, coordinated movement and time perception. While a user is under the influence of marijuana, they are prone to chronic overeating and tend to show little to zero effort in any activity they attempt. The use of marijuana can also lead to distorted perceptions, impairments, difficulty solving pr oblems, and further complicate the person’s ability to learn new things and hold memories.Research has shown that, in chronic marijuana users, the drug’s adverse impact on the subjects learning and memory can last up to days or weeks after that person has allowed the effects to wear off (www. DrugAbuse. gov). The majority of marijuana users who are asked about their habit will respond with something like, â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with it. † However, if studied closely and observed for a period of time, it is no challenge for one to see that the effects are not just physical.The mental harm one will encounter when they inhale the smoke is something that is not just temporary, users can and will suffer long-term from the drug’s effects. This is one clear reason why medical marijuana is a contradiction to what is healthy and beneficial to patients. Doctors and patients will claim that it is the only way to cope with diseases in particular cases, ho wever, harming oneself does not help cope with anything in the long run.Although research details for the long-term effects of marijuana haven’t been completely ironed out, scientists can see that there are consistent similarities between two users who have used the drug their entire life. A person that smokes the plant for a large amount of time consistently will observe a noticeable connection between that and their impaired cognitive functioning. A person who does not use the drug will notice less of a fog in their cognitive functioning, where as a marijuana user who has experimented with the drug since a young age will have trouble thinking of things quite often.Another troubling fact about cannabis is that when used in the long-term, can lead to physical addiction. Estimates from research suggest that roughly nine percent of all marijuana users become addicted to the drug; this number is likely to increase for those who start young or are daily users (www. DrugAbuse. Gov ). People who were daily marijuana smokers and attempted to quit, report that they have experienced withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, sleeplessness, trouble getting their appetite back, anxiety, drug-craving, and depression.All of these symptoms are likely to begin within the first one to two days of quitting smoking. Numerous studies have shown that there is a direct correlation between the long-term use of cannabis and increased anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. However, at this time, it is not clear whether marijuana use causes mental problems, exacerbates them, or reflects an attempt to self-medicate symptoms already in existence (www. DrugAbuse. Gov). What is clear is that high doses of marijuana can lead to psychotic reactions within the subject; also, use of the drug may trigger or lead to relapse of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals.Other effects of smoking marijuana include issues with the heart such as increased likelihood of a heart attack as a result of an increased heart rate. Irregular heart rhythm, palpitations, and arrhythmias also are commonly observed negatives for marijuana users whether they’re frequent or occasional smokers. If one is greater in age or has cardiac vulnerabilities, the risk is much greater. The heart is not the only area of the chest impacted negatively by smoking marijuana, the lungs are forced to work much harder when marijuana is inhaled.Numerous studies have shown that the smoke created when marijuana is burnt contains 50-70 percent more carcinogens than what tobacco smoke holds (www. DrugAbuse. Gov). Since marijuana users typically inhale much deeper and hold the smoke in their lungs for a longer amount of time than tobacco smokers, they further increase their exposure to these carcinogens. Another dangerous thing one should keep an eye on is the fact that marijuana users show potentially cancerous growth in epithelial cells.The list of reasons why marijuana should remain illegal is a long, b ut concrete list and something everyone who has used the drug should be encouraged to look at. While it is currently legal within states for medicinal purposes, the government has done well by keeping this substance illegal as far as recreational use. Nothing good can or will ever come out of legalizing such a dangerous narcotic. Works Cited Page November 2010. Drug Facts: Marijuana. November 4th, 2012. http://www. drugabuse. gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

History - Essay Example According to him, â€Å"The main problem was that in giving free reign to ethnic claims the European map came to resemble a patchwork mosaic which had no real coherence and which shattered the balance of power that had prevailed in the nineteenth century† (Mitchell 147). He asserts that in the early 1920s, the political and economic situation in Europe was fragmented and it became a conducive place for the outbreak of World War II. He cites the two main defects of the Treaty of Versailles are: it did not give satisfaction to any country, and that there was no strong leader to back it up. France was not happy about the compensation and the security issue, while Germany was suffering from the harsh treatment inflicted on it by the winning countries, and Italy was a victim of unfulfilled promises of territory in exchange for joining the war. The other countries under the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the new and reconstituted states also had their own grievances. Because of these g rievances, the countries were divided and were never united. Aldcroft continues to assert that the Allied statesmen did not do a good job in clearing the mess after the World War I. 1 If they had done a good job, then Europe would have been more stable than fragmented. Moreover, he declares that the Allies were also disunited themselves and have different self interests and concerns. They were more concerned about their own welfare than that of Europe. On the contrary, Mark Mazower, in â€Å"Two Cheers for Versailles,† History Today (July 1997), does not support the idea that the Treaty of Versailles was responsible for the outbreak of World War II. According to him, â€Å"If we want to find guidance in the past for how to tackle the problems of nationalism that remain in Europe, we cannot do better than return to the diplomats who gathered in Paris eighty years

Respiratory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Respiratory - Essay Example develop diseases, and others don’t, researchers have particular singled out specific risk factors that increase individual’s vulnerability to developing certain types of diseases or conditions. The effects of cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse and high fat diet on the development of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are well documented. It is however difficult to disentangle the effects of smoking and alcohol since the two tends to be correlated because many smokers are also heavy alcohol abusers. However, all these factors have serious risks to the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It is therefore important to note that one can reduce their risk of early death by taking a lifestyle change and reducing smoking, alcohol and high fat diet. This study examines a comprehensive review of peer reviewed journals in order to evaluate the risk factors; alcohol abuse, smoking and high fat diet on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, pathophysiology and also to identify possible emergency medical management. Epidemiologic evidence of lung cancer is very important since it forms the basis for early intervention practices as well as treatment interventions. While evaluation of the risk factors play key role in prevention of respiratory and cardiovascular systems’ disorders, epidemiologic evidence is crucial in assessing the effectiveness of the interventions programs. The use of tobacco and exposure has been linked to various forms of cancer due to its carcinogenic chemicals. According to Hoffmann et al (2013 p.2), tobacco smoke contains50 carcinogenic chemicals out of 400 chemicals. The World health Organization estimates the world population of smokers to be consuming 6 trillion of cigarettes annually. However, this excludes the second hand smokers who are also at high health risk. According to World Health Organization, annual tobacco related deaths are expected to by 10 percent to eight million by 2030 if something is not

Intel Corp Strategies, Organizational Design and Strategic Controls Essay

Intel Corp Strategies, Organizational Design and Strategic Controls - Essay Example This shift towards manufacturing microprocessors saw its success as a market leader because with the success of personal computers, Intel also emerged as the forerunner for supplying high speed and more sophisticated microprocessors to enable PC users to expand their choices of using PC for different purposes such as gaming etc. This however, been successful mainly due to the way Intel was managed as well as the mission and objectives it set for itself. Intel, as a company has intensively relied on setting strategic directions for itself which is based on delivering technology advancements which help improve the way we live and work. This paper will attempt to study the vision, mission and objectives of the organizations and would then examine the existing organizational design and strategic controls to determine whether the strategic fit between the two exist or not. Setting up the mission statement help firms to identify the unique and fundamental objective for which distinguish the firm from others in the industry. (Pearce and David). Intel has set following mission for itself: The above mission statement suggests that the focus of Intel has been on focusing on three distinct stakeholders i.e. customers, employees and shareholders by providing them technologies which are considered as vital to the way we work and live. Based on this mission statement, the organization has also set values of "customer orientation, Result Orientation, Risk Taking, Great place to work, Quality and Discipline" (Intel) however, these values are going to help Intel to achieve the objectives of extending its technology leadership by delivering best microprocessors and platforms so that it can become profitable worldwide by excelling in customer orientation. (Intel). The above goals and objectives suggest that the focus of Intel has been on becoming a market leader in microprocessor market by focusing on being customer oriented. However, in order to attain such mission and objectives, Intel has set up organizational design and strategic controls in such a way that they support its mission, vision, values and objective. The following section will discuss the organizational design and strategic controls within Intel which help it to achieve its mission and strategic objectives. Organization Design and Strategic Controls & Strategic Fit Organizational Design and Strategic controls involve the setting up of the roles and processes which outline the reporting relationships within the organization. The definition of roles and processes help organizations to accomplish the operational and tactical objectives so that the strategic objectives of the organization shall be achieved and strategic controls help organizational designs to follow a pre-defined strategic framework. Similarly, Strategic fit defines how well the strategies and mission of the organization are supporting its internal capabilities and external environment. It also requires that the organizations must match their organization design according to its internal as well as external environm

Slovenia and Its Economic Development After Entering EU Essay

Slovenia and Its Economic Development After Entering EU - Essay Example At the same time, the newly free countries of Central and Eastern Europe found that, if they were to establish their economic independence and provide a sound basis for their political independence, they first had to thoroughly liberalize and marketize their economies and stabilize their currencies. Slovenia joined the EU in 2004. And since that time, it has improvised its economic development and reestablished its banking system, balance exchange rates and create new employment places for native citizens. The EC has had policies on employment for decades, but the policies do not constitute a coherent, developed social program. Rather they are a collection of directives adopted in response to a specific concern and requiring minimal amounts of harmonization in national practices. Voting practices in the Council impeded the adoption of more sweeping measures. Because each member state had a veto, with a few exceptions, supporters of an EC social policy fought for the elimination of the veto (Dukes 49). They gained a partial victory with the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. For Slovenia, the way is now open for a more fully developed EC social policy. A number of characteristics of the workforce in the EC are relevant for policy makers. One is the fact that the EC has a smaller proportion of adults of working age actually working than either of its main competitors. The statistics indicate that a relatively large number of working-age people are dependent on some form of public su pport. Some people apparently do not work by choice, but many are unable to find work. Following Egert et al (2007): some countries, namely Slovenia started transition with low credit-to-GDP ratios of around 20% in 2005" (201). Transitional banking systems initially tend to operate with very high ratios of reserves to deposits. This is partly the result of the fact that they start out as monobank systems with 100 per cent reserve backing of deposits, partly because of the extreme inefficiency of the payments system, which requires the maintenance of large commercial bank deposits at the central bank, and partly because of the great ease of obtaining central bank credit by commercial banks in the pre-stabilization period (Dukes 49). If this is the path followed then it would be prudent for the first principle of banking system evolution to be that in the short term, the stability of the monetary system must have priority over the freedom of action of the banks themselves in the management of their assets and liabilities. In other words, in the initial phases of the 'main sequence', when supervisory and banking skills are rudimentary, bank regulation needs to be rigorous and based on simple rules. This is bec ause of the vital role of macroeconomic stability in successful economic transition from state ownership and central administration of the economy to capitalism. The usual argument against tight regulation, which stresses that tight regulation leads to disintermediation is largely irrelevant in a context in which people have so little possibility of informed choice between risky and safe banks that the authorities feel themselves obliged to guarantee all deposits. The development of a dual system in which deposits at strictly regulated banks are known to be safe, while loans to unregulated

Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Planning - Essay Example The entrepreneur of the organization strongly believes that launching transportation service, incorporating leadership skills, personal development and healthy living training will offer these people a foundation for independent living. To fulfill these objectives the entrepreneur needs a strategic plan and an action plan for proper strategic plan implementation to develop this organization. This paper will make an attempt to form such a strategic plan and its implementation to achieve the objectives. Strategic planning TDL Ventures is an entrepreneurial non-profitable organization specially supporting the visually challenged persons. To develop business, this organization needs a strong strategic intent which will enable the organization to provide clarity about its actions to realize its future aspiration. This strategic intent will provide clarity, focus and inspiration at a time of hindrance to re-energize the staffs of this organization and rebuild the programs to achieve their vision and mission. Thus this organization needs to develop a plan with long-term view and take steps to implement this plan for effective and efficient functioning of the firm. To successfully achieve these long-term objectives TDL Ventures must develop strategic plans, operating plans, business plans and case statements. At first, a strategic plan has to be adopted which will guide the organization to effectively and efficiently fulfill its mission. It should mention the objectives of the organization and goals to be achieved. Then the prioritization of objectives along with mentioning the necessary steps of action and needful resources to achieve them are worked out. These strategic plans should be adopted for a longer time frame i.e. 3-5 years. Secondly, an operational plan needs to be formed to accomplish the goals mentioned precisely in the strategic plan. This plan will mention the time frames of the operations and the roles of individuals associated with it. This plan is gen erally for a short term period i.e. a fiscal year. After all these above mentioned plans are settled, the matter dealing with the performance and investments to generate income from the organizational services and products will get priority. To resolve this issue a business plan has to be formed which will include information about the services and products provided by TDL Ventures. It will also enable it to analyze the external environment and make assumption of the future revenue generation. The last and the most vital thing to be done is the formulation of case statement. It will help this organization in the fundraising and marketing issues. This case statement will mention the goals, strengths, capabilities and the benefits the organization provided to its clients. One of the major issues the case statement addresses is fund mobilization for TDL Ventures. It will enable it to secure funds from the NGOs, foundations, charitable trusts, corporate donations, charitable donors and the philanthropists. (Mittenthal, 2002; Sloner, Shepard, & Podolny, 2008, pp. 27-31) Implementation of the plans: Objectives of the organization TDL Ventures: To be a non-profitable organization providing social support to visually challenged people. To provide support for spiritual, physical and mental awakening of their clients. To develop the healthy and independent lifestyle within their clients. To guide their clients to achieve success in every aspects of life. Tasks and task ownership: In this

Employees Resistance to Organizational Change Research Paper

Employees Resistance to Organizational Change - Research Paper Example of change studied in the paper are Lewin’s model, the Action Research Plan model and Kotter’s eight stages of organizational change.The paper will attempt to integrate the models with the concept of resistance and come up with meaningful conclusions. The above statement effectively summarises the context of this research interest, which deals with the concept of organizational change, with specific focus on employee resistance towards such a change in a given organization. A typical organization, according to research, goes through different forms of change, of which the most common are cost reduction, redundancies, culture change and performance improvement (Mullins 822; also see Brooks 98). The CIPD, Britain’s Chartered Institute of Personnel Development, in their own research, have given a more detailed set of circumstances which impose organizational change: challenges of growth; challenge of economic downturns and tougher trading conditions; changes in strategy; technological changes; competitive pressures including mergers and acquisitions; customer pressure; and government legislations (CIPD Change Management). Research suggests that previously, change was a planned phenomenon, and it was implemented on periodic bases by the organization as part of a strategic plan. In other words, an organization may strategically plan to implement changes every few years. But the volatile environments where modern businesses operate have changed the way this process is carried out, due to more rapid developments either inside or outside the organizations, which eventually force the organizations to implement changes (Hussey 9). Such developments have been referred to as ‘trigger events’, and Hussey argues that these events occur too fast for comfort in modern organizations (10). The author also explains that these events may be either opportunities or threats, and that the subsequent changes are the organizations’ way of reacting to these events, in order to

Facilities Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Facilities Management - Essay Example Sometimes they even go to the coffee shop counter in wet bathing suits. Hospitality refers to the relationship process between a guest and a host. Further, it refers to the act or practice of being hospitable, that is, the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers, with liberality and goodwill. To dispense our generous warm welcome and comfort ability we need adequate infrastructural support that helps to maintain sanitation, hygienist and safety of the precinct. Hospitality frequently refers to the hospitality industry jobs for hotels, restaurants, casinos, catering, resorts, clubs and any other service position that deals with tourists. As an Executive Housekeeper, I would like to forward my professional views in the development of the interiors and exteriors of the proposed extensions of the new floors in the resort. As our resort is located in the moderate climate, the weather being sub tropical with warm summer and mild winters it is highly recommended to have wide ventilation in order to receive adequate sunshine in the arcades. Moreover, since most of our customers have keen interests in the aquatic sports in the ocean in the precinct, I recommend cane furniture on the first floor to shelter the guests during winter for recreation. The resort estate has two large swimming pools and the guests practice many water-sports at the nearby oceanfront. As a result, people staying at the resort often go to the front desk and concierge areas dripping water from their wet bath suits. Sometimes they even go to the coffee shop counter in wet bathing suits. In order to meet the adverse effect of the movements of the guest it is highly advisable to have carpet floorings to prevent the floor from moist as well as to prevent the guests to fall victim of accidents to slip on the mosaic floor. FLOORING SPECIFICATION Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Often used to mean parquetry wood flooring, it can also refer to various other materials like carpet or linoleum. structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality to meet with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of functional perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. Part of the architectural profession as well as some non-architects, responded to Modernism and Postmodernism by going to what they considered the root of the problem in the hotel industry. Accordingly, architecture has never been a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it had to consider everyday needs of

Chief Information Officer and Team Lead Tech Essay Example for Free

Chief Information Officer and Team Lead Tech Essay 1) The main organizational causes of the frustration that Ayishia Coles feels is that there is no clarity in her responsibility and authority within the organization, as well as with the IT and the other departments within the bank. One of the major points of frustration is the fact that there is no one defined as coordinator between the other departments and IT. Ayisha now is in the position of where she has to take on the role of deciding what happens in the company which is not making the managers of the other departments very happy. She is frustrated because solutions are expected immediately no matter how vaguely the problems are presented to the IT department. She also feels like the amount of talent which the staff house is not being used appropriately within the bank. She believes that the IT department should be allowed to do more than troubleshot and maintenance for the technology, she believes they should be able to present their own ideas. 2) First of all the problems need to be addressed and solved as quickly as possible. The first thing that needs to be done is that they need to make it clear what her position is and what exactly she is responsible for. If I were Marshall Pinkard, because Ayishia is the chief information officer, I would give her authority over the entire IT department. She will be in charge of coordinating with her team and the rest of the departments within the bank. Each department will have a technician who is responsible for is in charge of sharing important information with the manager of their department, and the rest of the department staff, they will also be asked to share any ideas they have about upgrades with the department managers. 3) I think that the organizational structure which would be the most effective for IT at FMBT would be a Traditional Vertical Structure.

5 Important School and Statutory Framework Essay Example for Free

5 Important School and Statutory Framework Essay Thousands of Muslims were becoming followers of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji. Khawaja Raushan was a very respected Muslim Faqir with thousands of people visiting him to pay him respect and get boons. However Khawaja Raushan’s own mind was restless, he was in search of a true Guru. Once a friend told him about Guru Ji, Khawaja Raushan reached Kiratpur and met Guru JI. When he heard Guru Ji’s he was so impressed that he decided to stay at Kiratpur. He became an admirer of Guru Sahib; he started doing Seva of Guru Ji’s horses. One day Guru Ji went out for riding his horse, Khawaja Raushan ran behind Guru Ji in Bairag. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay He ran more than a mile after Guru Ji, who then dismounted his horse and embraced Khawaja Raushan with great love. Guru Ji then gave Khawaja Raushan Charan Amrit and Naam as well as spiritual Gian and sent him to Doaba to preach Sikhi.Khawaja Raushan was going from one village to another for preaching Sikhi, one day he met Sayyad Jaani Shah who was wandering in search of bliss. Jaani Shah had met many Sadhus and Faqirs but could not get spiritual Gian from anyone. Khawaja Raushan told him he should go to Kiratpur to achieve your aim. Firstly Jaani Shah did not believe him but when Khawaja Raushan told his story he was determined to go. When he reached Kiratpur and sat in front of the door of Guru Ji’s house and cried loudly â€Å"Janni Ko Jaani Milaa Do (Let Jaani meet his dear one )†.

Risk Factors for Congestive Heart Failure

Risk Factors for Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure is a syndrome characterized by the inability of the heart to pump enough blood and oxygen to meet the bodies energy needs, an also blood supply. Due to the inefficient pumping associated with heart failure, it then causes a backup of blood in the veins leading to the heart and causes the kidneys to retain fluid, thats when the body tissues start to swell. Heart failure can occur due to many causes such as, coronary heart disease, a heart valve disorder, a heart attack, or exposure to toxins, such as excessive alcohol use. In some people heart failure, will cause the heart muscle to weaken, and it wont pump as it should; in others, the heart failure will cause the heart muscle to become stiff, and between heartbeats the heart wont fill with enough blood. There are four main conditions that lead to heart diseases which causes heart failure, they are: congenital heart disease, heart attack and rheumatic heart disease. With coronary artery disease; a healthy coro nary artery opens, elastic, smooth, and slick. The walls expand and are very flexible to enable more blood through when the heart needs to work harder. The coronary artery disease over time makes an injury to the lining of the walls, making the injury of the arteries more susceptible, to atherosclerosis and the production of blood clots. Due to plaque buildup, it reduces blood flow, and narrows the arteries, so due to the narrowness blood clots will likely form. A heart attack is when the blood supply to the heart is slowed or stopped due to a blockage. Which refers to the coronary artery disease, the blockage happens due to the buildup of plaque. The congenital heart disease usually starts at birth. It is when the heart or the blood vessels near the heart are not normally developed before birth. Rheumatic heart disease describes a group of acute or chronic heart disorders that occurs when one has a rheumatic fever. When having this fever, a heart valve can become damaged. It is an inflammatory disease that can affect tissues of the body, especially the tissue within the heart, or the joint tissues, brain tissues, or skin tissues. The correlation of how all these coincide with each other are very evident, one triggers off another. The first, main symptom of heart failure is fatigue. As the conditions gets worse, shortness of breath, wheezing start occurring during exertion and while resting. If fluid accumulates in the legs, or ankles causing swelling, some sleep with elevated legs, and this makes breathing easier as well. A chronic cough can result as well due to the fluid in the legs. For those who are less active, a buildup of fluid can take place in the middle portion of the body, cause urination to take place excessively during the night, or a person can experience weight gain due to all the access fluid. For a heart attack symptoms, can include pain in the chest, neck, or jaw, sudden discomfort in the chest that doesnt subside over time, sweating, and difficulty breathing. Congenital artery disease has symptoms such as: heart murmurs, bluish tint to the skin, lips, or fingernails, and shortness of breath. Rheumatic heart disease includes excessive fatigue, heart palpitations, thumping in the chest, and s hortness of breath. As for coronary heart disease, it slows the flow of blood, and has a fatty buildup of plaque causing the slowness of blood. To be diagnosed with congestive heart failure, the doctor will review medical history, ask a series of questions such as the extent of how active one can be before the shortness of breath, and all other symptoms are happening, there will be an examination and the doctor will check vital signs, check the heart rate and rhythm, listen for aby abnormalities, press on skin of the ankles to check for swelling. An EKG, and x-ray will probably be done to check for any enlargement of the heart and to check for fluid in the lungs. For the four causes that lead to heart failure; coronary artery disease, heart attack, congenital heart disease, and rheumatic heart disease, it is same process, doctor will review medical history, ask a series of questions about the symptoms the patient is experiencing, listening to the heart. To diagnose heart disease, a coronary angiography is performed. It involves taking x-rays of the coronary arteries and the vessels that supply blood to the heart. An echocard iogram is used to record sound waves to create a picture of the hear; these waves show the shape, texture, and movement of the heart valves, and the size of the heart chambers and how well they are working. An EKG can be performed also to check to see how well the heart is functioning by measuring the electrical activity of the heart, it can detect abnormal heart rhythms that could have causes blood clots to form. Risk factors that associate with heart disease are obesity, excess weight increases the strain on the heart and increases the risk of developing heart disease, because obesity increases blood pressure, and blood cholesterol and then that can lead to diabetes. Hormone replacement therapy, some physicians believe it can prevent heart disease in women, but soon discovered it is harmful using the combined hormones who already have coronary artery disease. Stress and anger can cause heart disease. Scientist believe poor managed anger and stress can contribute to heart disease. Angina, which is chest pain which Is the main system of any coronary artery disease. To avoid heart failure, you must prevent heart disease, by eating healthy, controlling your blood pressure and cholesterol level, maintaining normal body weight, exercise regularly, and try not to smoke. The effects of the condition are the same. If you develop a heart disease, heart failure can come. If you develop congenital heart disease, you are born with it. If you are obese you can have it in early teen years. Mainly this occurs in ages 60+. Treatment available for heart failure is a lifelong condition but to reduce the symptoms and improving life span, the doctor may prescribe medication, and a low salt diet. There is no cure for heart disease, it is a condition that requires lifelong care. For medications, this is for people with moderate control of the disease, and they just make lifestyle changes, and take medications such as nitrates which that relieve chest pain, but it cant clear blocked arteries. There are other medications that help such as antiplatelet, ace inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and nitrates. Surgery could be a treatment option, because it improves the blood flow to the heart muscle, it Is called Coronary Artery Bypass. Another one that can help is called counter pulsation, inflatable cuffs are placed on the legs and lower abdomen, and so when the heart relaxes the cuffs will inflate and then push the blood vessels of the heart. It is repeated over a series of days and the stimulates improved blood flow to the heart. For people experiencing a heart attack, there is no treatment, but they should seek medical help right away. Advances in medicine and the choice of having a halter lifestyle will decrees chances of death from heart disease. The outlook depends on the patients age, the severity of the heart failure, and heart disease. If it develops and has a treatable cause, some people can regain normal heart function after having treatment. Having treatment people still can enjoy a productive life. References http://search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/content/entry/hhphealth/heart_failure/0?searchId=a0974ee4-08db-11e7-b7bc-12c1f5c39a71result=7 http://search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/content/topic/congestive_heart_failure?searchId=a0974ee4-08db-11e7-b7bc-12c1f5c39a71 http://search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/content/entry/galegph/heart_disease/0?searchId=a0974ee4-08db-11e7-b7bc-12c1f5c39a71result=20 http://search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/content/entry/hupwh/congestive_heart_failure/0?searchId=27bd9f65-08e9-11e7-a9b8-0aea1e3b2a47result=0PHPSESSID=1umtuv34msp2lhp90kpcgagpn0 http://search.credoreference.com.prx-sbbcollege.lirn.net/content/entry/columency/congestive_heart_failure/0?searchId=27bd9f65-08e9-11e7-a9b8-0aea1e3b2a47result=1PHPSESSID=1umtuv34msp2lhp90kpcgagpn0

Sex In History Essay -- Sexuality

As we human beings have changed and evolved over our thousands of years of recorded history, so have our attitudes and expressions of all things sexual. The only thing that hasn't changed much is society's desire to exercise a certain amount of control over an individual's sexual behavior. Whether it be through church or state, educational institutions or popular media of the time, there have been rules and regulations, views and taboos about what we should do sexually, how we should do it, who we should do it with and even how we should think about doing it. Body parts A particular area of interest, naturally, has been the body and specifically those parts that are obviously connected with sex. We've alternately hidden and displayed, worshiped and derided male and female genitalia. In most non-Christian cultures there were gods and goddesses of power and fertility with exaggerated genitals. Some cultures liked penis gods so much they had several; for instance, the ancient Greeks honored Priapus, Dionysus and Hermes. The Egyptians exalted Osiris, Bacchus was the Roman version, and Shiva reigned in India. Penis and, less commonly, vulva worship, were practiced and this was reflected in objects connected with daily living. Vases in classical Greece were decorated with phalluses. In the ruins of Pompeii penis symbols were found just about everywhere, on bowls, lamps and figurines. Pitchers with enormous penis spouts were a unique specialty of the Mochica culture of Peru. The exteriors of medieval Irish churches were adorned with sculptures of Shelah-na-Gig, a vulva icon. In Egypt enormous symbols of penis power Ââ€" the obelisk Ââ€" were erected all over the landscape. Smaller penis symbols in the form of amulets and bracelet... ... modern birth control emerged in Egypt about 300 BC. There they used mechanical and chemical methods that foreshadow modern diaphragms, cervical caps and spermicides. Their versions included lint pads soaked in honey and acacia tips, and crocodile dung compacted with auyt-gum, both to be inserted into the vagina as a barrier to semen. Some Romans of the 4th century decided that the best way to prevent unwanted pregnancy was to diminish a wife's desire for sexual intercourse. Specific methods included: mouse dung liniment; swallowing pigeon droppings mixed with oil and wine; or rubbing her loins with the blood of ticks off a wild black bull. Condoms began to come into their own during the 18th century. They were usually made of sheep gut, or sometimes fish skin, and were originally introduced not for prevention of pregnancy but as a protection against syphilis.

All Quiet On The Western Front :: essays research papers

The story centers around a young soldier named Paul in some unnamed regiment in the German army. They fight the Allied forces of the United States of America and Europe, plus their friends. The story is about how Paul and the other soldiers with him, who are also his closest friends, deal with the many aspects of the war. They do this in the only way that they know how, and they are not always successful. Remarque deals with the characters' fears and thoughts by mixing them together into the story. You form a kind of bond with the various characters throughout the book. Although the author does not offer great detail on any one character, you still find yourself caring and hoping for each of them as they fight, love, hate, and in many cases, die. This is mainly through each of the character's personalities, which are so well-developed that you find yourself wondering if these were real people at some time or another and you might travel to Germany to meet them. The plot is not linear , and in most cases I would say that this is a negative thing. However, in the book the author actually uses it to enhance the storyline by not dwelling on any one scene for too long. Many chapters end and you find yourself wondering if there was supposed to be more. By the end, you realize that it actually enhances the plot greatly. One moment the people might be eating and bathing in the barracks, and the page after they are fighting on the front lines. It skips around a lot, but I became used to it. I may even grow to miss it in the future. This story's real strength lies somewhere else, though. This is in the portrayal of the characters' thoughts and feelings. Each character reacts to situations so realistically that many times I found myself thinking: "That's what I would have done!" This blends well with Remarque's many ventures into human nature throughout the book. He uses his characters to go into the depths of all of our souls, and he does it with skill. Especial ly well done was the part where Paul gets some leave of his duties and he goes back home to his family for a few weeks. While there, he realizes that he is no longer one of these people, that he is changed forever from what he has seen and what he has done.

MacBeth :: essays research papers

MacBeth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The play, MacBeth, is enriched with many characters; each categorized in different stages of Kollberg’s theory. Kollberg’s theory was about characters and their moral development through out the story. There were only seven stages in his theory, 0-6, zero meaning no morals, and six is being like Jesus. It is a short play without a major sub- plot, and it is considered by many to be Shakespeare's darkest work. In the play MacBeth, Duncan is a stage four through out the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A stage four, according to Kollberg, is a character orientated toward authority and maintenance of social order. A good example would be a police officer or a president. Up until his demise Duncan was orderly king. He kept peace between the lords and other countries as best as he could. Duncan was a beloved father and king to the Scottish people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the brutal battle between Duncan’s servants and the Thane of Cawdor’s rebels, Duncan hears news that MacBeth fought with courage like no other. Duncan is so pleased he makes MacBeth the new Thane of Cawdor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Duncan: No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive Our bosom interest:--go pronounce his present death, And with his former title greet Macbeth. (Act I scene ii) What a great guy Duncan is, he is like this threw the whole play. Because of MacBeth’s great skill in battle, Duncan grants MacBeth to be the new Thane of Cawdor. Duncan kept order by killing those who a-pose him, such as the late Thane of Cawdor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At Duncan's castle, the king, Malcolm and another of the king's sons, Donalbain, greet Macbeth and Banquo. Duncan announces that he will visit Macbeth at the new Thane's castle near Inverness, and then names his oldest son Malcolm as successor to the throne. Macbeth says that he will go to Inverness in to prepare for the king's arrival. But in a stage aside, Macbeth speculates that Malcolm is an additional obstacle of the throne as prophesied by the witches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Duncan: O worthiest cousin! The sin of my ingratitude even now Was heavy on me: thou art so far before, That swiftest wing of recompense is slow To overtake thee. Would thou hadst less deserv'd; That the proportion both of thanks and payment

The Tax Research Process

The Tax Research Process The overriding purpose of tax research is to find solutions to the tax problems of one’s clients or employer. The process is similar to that of traditional legal research. The researcher must find authority, evaluate the usefulness of that authority, and apply the results of the research to a specific situation. One can identify two essential tax research skills: * The first is using certain mechanical techniques to identify and locate the tax authorities that relate to solving a problem. * The second entails a combination of reasoning and creativity and is more difficult to learn.A researcher must begin with native intelligence and imagination and add training and experience properly to apply the information found. Creativity is necessary to explore the relevant relationships among the circumstances and problems at hand to find a satisfying (and defensible) solution. In many cases, no legal authority exists that is directly on point for the problem. I f such a situation comes up, the researcher must combine seemingly unrelated facts, ideas (including those that he or she has derived from previous research work), and legal authority to arrive at a truly novel conclusion.This creative ability of the researcher often spells the difference between success and failure in the research process. Outline of Tax Research Process As the tax problems of the client become more significant, the related tax research can become time-consuming and, thus, expensive to the client. A moderate tax research problem often takes up to eight or ten hours of research time, and the bill for these services may approach or even exceed $2,000. Because of the costs that are involved, the tax researcher must work as efficiently as possible to obtain the solution to the client’s problem.The researcher needs a framework for the research process, so that he or she does not waste time and effort in arriving at a solution to the problem. The tax research proc ess can be broken down into six major steps. Tax researchers (especially those without a great amount of experience at the task) must approach the resolution of a tax problem in a structured manner, so that the analysis of the problem will be thorough and the solution complete. Step 1: Establish the Facts Before a researcher can analyze the tax consequences of a transaction, he or she must understand the transaction itself.Specifically, the researcher should discuss the details of the transaction with the client to ascertain the client’s motivation. What are the client’s business or financial objectives in undertaking the transaction? What does the client foresee as the desired outcome? What risks has the client identified? By asking these types of questions, the researcher gets to be more acquainted with the non-tax features of the transactions. Discover All the Facts The researcher must discover all the facts concerning the client’s transaction.Like a newspape r reporter, the researcher should question the client about the precise â€Å"who, when, where, why, and how† of the transaction. The researcher should not assume that the client’s initial summary of the transaction is factually accurate and complete. Perhaps the client hasn’ t determined all the facts that the researcher needs. Or the client may have discounted the significance of certain facts and omitted them from the initial summary. The researcher should encourage the client to be objective in stating the facts.Often, a client unwittingly presents the researcher with the client’s subjective conclusions about the facts rather than with the facts themselves. Impact of Client’s Tax Knowledge When a researcher is working with a client to uncover the relevant facts, the researcher must take into account the level of the client’s tax knowledge. If the client has some knowledge of the tax law, the researcher can ask questions that presume such knowledge. On the other hand, if the client is unsophisticated in tax matters, the researcher should ask only questions that the client can answer without reference to the tax law.Step 2: Identify the Issues After the researcher is satisfied that he or she understands the client’s transaction and knows all the relevant facts, the researcher can proceed to the second step in the research process. In this step, the researcher identifies the tax issue or issues suggested by the transaction. The ability to recognize tax issues is the product of technical education and professional experience. Consequently, this step is usually the most challenging for new tax researchers. The identification of issues leads to the formation of tax research questions.The tax researcher should be as precise as possible in formulating questions. A precise question is narrowly stated ands provides clear parameters for the remaining steps in the research process. An imprecise question that is vague or overly broad in scope may provide insufficient parameters and result in wasted time and effort. Multiple Research Questions If the tax issue suggested by a transaction lead to multiple research questions, the researcher must determine the order in which the questions should be answered.In our complex tax system, the answer to a question often depends on the answer to one or more preliminary questions. Tax researchers who understand the hierarchy of their research questions can address each question in the right order and conduct their research with maximum efficiency. A combination of education, training, and experience is necessary to enable the researcher to identify all of the issues with respect to a tax problem successfully. In some situations, this step can be the most difficult element of a tax research problem to carry out.Issues in a closed-fact tax research problem often arise from a conflict with the IRS. In such a case, one can ascertain the issue(s) easily. Research of this nature usually consists of finding support for an action that the client has already taken. Types of Issues In most research projects, however, the researcher must develop a list of issues. Research issues can be divided into two major categories: * Fact issues are concerned with information having an objective reality, such as the dates of transactions, the amounts involved in an exchange, reasonableness, intent, and purpose. Law issues arise when the facts are well established, but it is not clear which portion of the tax law applies to the issue. Step 3: Locate Authority As the third step in the research process, the researcher heads for a tax library. A researcher’s mission is to locate the authority that provides answers to the research question. Traditional libraries consist of shelves filled with books, loose-leaf binders, magazines, and other published materials containing all the technical minutiae of the tax law.Today, traditional libraries are disappearing as professional tax advisors gain access to the electronic libraries available on the Internet. Once obvious advantage of electronic libraries is the speed at which researchers can access sources of authority and move among the sources. A second advantage is the ease with which electronic sources can be updated to include current developments. A third advantage is that an electronic library is portable. A tax researcher with a laptop computer can access the library at any time and from any location.Regardless of whether a tax researcher is working in a traditional or electronic library, a researcher must be knowledgeable about the content and organization of the reference pertaining to the problem at hand. The researcher also must be able to distinguish between the two main categories of reference materials: sources of authority and sources of information. Primary Authority Primary authority is an element of the Federal tax laws that was issued by Congress, the Treasury Department, or Internal Revenue Service. Primary authority carries greater precedential weight than secondary authority.Each primary authority also has a relative weight to other primary authorities. Weight is best described as an assessment of relative importance compared to other authority. Statutory sources include the Constitution, tax treaties, and tax laws passed by Congress. Statutory authority is the basis for all tax provisions. The Constitution grants Congress the power to impose and collect taxes and also authorizes the creation of treaties with other countries. The power of Congress to implement and collect taxes is summarized in the Internal Revenue Code, the official title of U. S. tax law.The Internal Revenue Code constitutes the basis for all tax law, and, therefore, the basis for arriving at solutions to all tax questions. The other primary sources of the tax law, administrative and judicial authority, function primarily to interpret and explain the application of the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and the intent of Congress. Administrative sources include the various rulings of the Treasury Department and the IRS. These are issued in the form of Regulations, Revenue Rulings, and other pronouncements. Judicial sources consist of collected rulings of the various courts on federal tax matters.Secondary Authority Secondary Authority Sources consist of unofficial sources of tax information, such as: * tax services * journals * textbooks * treatises * newsletters. Secondary authority is an element of the tax law that was issued by a professional or scholarly writer. It is an interpretation of the tax law issued by primary sources. Many secondary sources exist. Some of the most useful are the editorial analysis and explanation contained in many of the major tax services, articles published in the numerous professional journals and newsletters, treatises, and textbooks.Secondary authority carries less precedential weight than primary authority. Secondary authorities are useful in finding, analyzing, and evaluating primary authorities. The distinction between primary and secondary (or editorial) sources of authority is more important because of IRC  § 6662, which imposes a penalty on substantial understatements of tax, except where the taxpayer has â€Å"substantial authority† for the position taken on the return. Substantial Authority The Regulation under  § 6662 specifies the sources of â€Å"substantial authority† to include: * provisions of the Internal Revenue Code temporary and final Regulations * court cases * administrative pronouncements * tax treaties * Congressional intent as reflected on Committee Reports. This list was expanded by the Committee Report for the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1989 to include: * Proposed Regulations * Private Letter Rulings * Technical Advice Memoranda, * Information or Press Releases * Notices * Any other similar documents published by the IRS in the Internal Revenue Bullet in. Treatises and articles in legal periodicals, however, are not considered substantial authority under this statute.Conflicting Authority Secondary authority is useful when conflicting primary authority exists, when there appears to be no extant primary authority, or when the researcher needs an explanation or clarification of the primary authority. Over the past 15 years, as the support staffs of government agencies and (especially) Federal courts have been decreased in number or otherwise become inadequate, more dependence has been placed upon the secondary authorities of the tax law, even by the IRS, the Treasury Department, and the court system.Tax researchers must be careful, though, not to rely too heavily upon secondary authority and always to read any pertinent primary authority that is referred to in the secondary sources. Commercial Tax Services Because of the vast amount of tax authority that is available, the tax researcher would have a tremendous problem in undertakin g a tax research problem for a client if it were not for commercial tax services and treatises.Several publishers have produced coordinated sets of reference materials, such as RIA’s Checkpoint, that organize the tax authority into a usable format, making the Internal Revenue Code and other primary authorities much more accessible. Checkpoint ® Commercial tax services, such as RIA’s Checkpoint, are useful in that they provide simplified explanations with footnote citations, as well as examples illustrating the application of the law. Checkpoint leads the tax researcher, via the footnote references, to the primary source that is pertinent to the question at hand.A tax service can be classified as chiefly an annotated service or as a topical service. Annotated services are organized in Internal Revenue Code section order, such as RIA’s United States Tax Reporter. A topical service, such as RIA’s Federal Tax Coordinator, is organized by topical areas deter mined by the editors. Step 4: Evaluate Authority Regardless of whether a researcher is reading from a printed page or a computer screen, the researcher must have the skill to interpret and evaluate the authority at hand. In some cases, the authority may provide an unambiguous answer to the researcher’s question.In other cases, the answer may be equivocal because the authority is inconclusive or subject to interpretation. Or perhaps different sources of authority provide conflicting answers. In these cases, the researcher must bring his or her own judgment to bear in analyzing the authority and answering the question. Weighting Authorities All tax authority does not carry the same precedential value. For example, the tax court could hold that an item should be excluded from gross income at the same time that an outstanding IRS Revenue Ruling asserts the item is taxable.The tax researcher must evaluate the two authorities and decide whether to recommend that his or her client r eport the disputed item. How Research Can Loop In the process of evaluating the authority for the issue(s) under research, new issues previously not considered by the researcher may come to light. If this is the case, the researcher may be required to gather additional facts, find additional pertinent authority, and evaluate the new issues. All of these research activities must be related to the client’s research problem.The researcher uses professional judgment in selecting issues and determining the effort to expend on the issues. This loop is illustrated below: Step 5: Develop Conclusions As part of the analytic process, the researcher should decide if the authority requires him or her to make a factual judgment or an evaluative judgment. Factual Judgment In making a factual judgment, the researcher compares the authority to a set of facts. Assuming that the facts are complete and accurate, the researcher can provide a definitive answer to the research question.Evaluative Judgment Researchers are required to make evaluative judgments when the relevant authority relates to a conclusion inferred from a set of facts, rather than to the facts themselves. By definition, conclusions are subjective; different observers may draw different conclusions from the same facts. A researcher who must draw a conclusion to complete a research project can never be sure that such conclusion will go unchallenged by the IRS. Therefore, the researcher should never give an unqualified answer to a research question requiring an evaluative judgment.Getting All the Facts At some point in the research process, even an expert may discover that he or she does not have all the facts necessary to complete the analysis of the client’s transaction. In such case, the researcher must repeat Step 1 by obtaining additional information from the client. Oftentimes the additional information suggests additional tax issues and research questions that the researcher must address. A res earcher may have to repeat Steps 1 through 4 several times before he or she is satisfied with the analysis. Handling Unresolved IssuesWhere unresolved issues exist, the researcher might inform the client about alternative possible outcomes of each disputed transaction, and give the best recommendation for each. If the research involved an open fact situation, the recommendation might detail several alternative course of future action, (for example, whether to complete the deal, or how to document the intended effects of the transaction). In many cases, the researcher may find it appropriate to present his or her recommendation of the â€Å"best† solution from a tax perspective, as well as one or more alternative recommendations that may be much more workable solutions.In any case, the researcher will want to discuss with the client the pros and cons of all reasonable recommendations and the risks associated with each course of action. Step 6: Communicate The final step in the research process is to communicate the results and recommendations of the research. The results of the research effort usually are summarized in a memorandum to the client file and a letter to the client. Both of these items usually contain a restatement of the pertinent facts as the researcher understands them, any assumptions the researcher made, issues addressed, the applicable authority, and the tax researcher’s recommendations.The memorandum to the file usually contains more detail than does the letter to the client. Client’s Tax Knowledge In any event, the researcher must temper his or her communication of the research results so that it is understandable by the intended reader. For instance, the researcher should use vastly different jargon and citation techniques in preparing an article for the Journal of Taxation than in preparing a client memo for a businessperson or layperson who is not sophisticated in tax matters.

Capital One Bank Evaluation

Bank Performance Evaluation Project Capital One Bank Capital One Financial Corporation’s headquarters is in McLean, Virginia and in the Federal Reserve district five, The Federal Reserve of Richmond, Virginia. It is number 89 in peer group one with their consolidated assets of over $300 million. Peer group one banks are institutions that have equal to or greater than $10 million in consolidated assets. Capital One Bank specializes in credit cards, home loans, auto loans, while providing banking and savings products.They are a Fortune 500 company and have paved the way for mass credit card marketing in the 1990’s. Since its inception in 1988, Capital One has acquired numerous smaller banks and has kept growing to become one of the most well know bank holding companies in the United States. Unfortunately in November 2008, Capital One Bank suffered devastating losses and received $3. 5 billion bail-out funds from the Federal Emergency Economic Stabilization Act. But by mid 2009, Capital One Bank had bought back over 3. 5 million of their preferred stock shares from the United States Treasury.Although Capital One Bank has experienced some economic hardships in the recent past, it seems to be holding steady after the wake of the 2008 financial system meltdown. If we take a close look at this bank’s performance report, we can find some interesting information about their biggest asset components. For Capital One’s assets their percentage for loans to individuals is relatively high, 36. 77 percent compared to that of the peer group average of 4. 98 percent. This is indicative of a company that produces a large number of loans to individuals in the form of real estate, auto, and credit cards.This also indicates that this bank is interested in making profits from interest on loans. Real estate loans for this company are high with 22. 26 percent compared to the peer group average of 32. 89 percent. Although this bank dabbles in commercial bank ing, it keeps its commercial and industrial loans to a minimum in comparison to its other peer one counterparts. There are a few areas where Capital one shows virtually no interest such as; agricultural loans, investments in mutual funds and equity securities, and fed funds sold and reverse repos which are purchased under an agreement to resell.Federal funds sold are used for overnight funds that â€Å"keep balances on deposits at Federal Reserve Banks for purposes of clearing daily checks and deposits†(Olsen Research Associates). A reason Capital One Bank does not use this practice may be because it does not want to risk losing assets in the event that the borrowing bank defaults. Because Fed Funds Contracts are not secured they are always subject to loss if the borrowing bank defaults (Olsen Research Associates). Capital One Bank has relatively average percentages of debt securities of less than or more than one year.A debt security can be bought or sold between two parties , has defined amounts, rates, and maturities. As a whole, debt securities are relatively safer than equity securities because they have a principal amount that is returned to the lender at a specified maturity date. Moving on to the liquidity and funding of Capital One Bank, the core deposits are above those of other peer banks at 64. 84 percent compared to 55. 17 percent. Core deposits are comprised of demand deposits, deposit accounts that are subject to negotiable orders of withdrawal or automatic transfer from the savings accounts.This section also includes time deposits of less than $100,000, money market deposit accounts, other savings accounts, and other non-interest bearing deposit balances. Banks count on core deposits to fund loans while offering advantages â€Å"such as predictable costs and a measurement of the degree of customer loyalty† (Core Deposits). Core deposits are less vulnerable to short-term changes in the interest rates than CD’s or money market accounts (Core Deposits). The net loans and leases percentages of Capital One Bank are high as well compared to their competing banks.This is due to the high number of loans this bank awards to individuals in the form of mortgages, car loans, personal loans, and credit cards. Credit card loans blow the competition out of the water with an extremely high 40. 9 percent compared to peer group one’s average of 2. 41 percent. The liquid assets of Capital One are slightly lower in comparison to their peers by about 10 percentage point; this is another indicator that this bank produces numerous loans and has its assets â€Å"tied† up.Turning the attention to the relative income statement and marginal analysis portion of the report will describe the key components of earnings relative to average assets, margin analysis ratios, the yields or returns of specific assets, and the cost of funds. The report shows that Capital One’s main source of income is interest income in cluding; high interest income equaling a higher net interest income. Adjusted operating income, which is net interest income plus non-interest income, for Capital One Bank is 7. 45 percent to the peer group average of 4. 74.This is almost twice the amount of income from interest over its competitors. After accounting for operating expenses and realized gains and losses, the company has a pretax net income of 1. 82 percent and a net operating income of 1. 38 percent. The company’s interest expenses are insignificantly higher than those of its peers. Capital One has made provisions for loan and lease losses which are monies set aside for default loans. These provisions are greater than the competitors by 1. 25 percent and represent the bank’s desire to survive if loans default.Looking at the margin analysis portion of this section, you can note that the net interest income to average earning assets is twice as high as its competitors in peer group one at 6. 49 percent. I t is safe to say that Capital One Bank receives the majority of its income from interest. â€Å"Capitalization is the long-term funding that allows a business firm to operate. It is the investment that the business owner and any other investors make in the firm. It is a financial term which refers to the sum of the stockholder's equity of the firm and the firm's long-term debt, such as bonds or mortgages† (Peavler).Capitalization is also a measurement of business value based on the share price and number of shares outstanding. This is generally the market’s representation of the company’s value (Ycharts). For Capital One Bank, there capitalization is relatively similar to its counterparts. Equity capital to total asset ratio for Capital one is 13. 13 percent while the average for peer group one is 11. 30 and does not represent a substantial difference. Although Capital One Financial has seen its ups and downs over the past few years, it reports their â€Å"thir d quarter net income jumped 47 percent versus the prior year quarter†.This increase in profits is credited to the acquisition of ING Direct a financial institution of Dutch origin offering banking, insurance, and asset management services, and HSBC’s United States card business (Associated Press). Net income increased $357 million from this time last year and price per share went from $1. 77 to $2. 01, a 24 cent increase (Associated Press). Revenues also soared 39 percent to $5. 78 billion. Capital One Financial reports that it expects consumer demand to slow down soon, but they are prepared for what the future holds. ————————————————-Top of FormDec 10, 2012 12:17 p. m. ET| COF (Common Stock) | Exchange:NYSE (US Dollar)| Last Trade| $57. 77| Change| + 0. 70| | | | % Change| 1. 23%| | Volume| 1,167,465| Intraday High| $57. 80| | Open| $56. 91| Intraday Low| $56 . 78| | Minimum 20 minute delay Bottom of Form| | (Capital One: Stock Quote and Chart) Works Cited Associated Press. â€Å"News Summary:Capital One Posts Higher 3Q Profit. † Bloomberg Businessweek News. 18 2012: n. page. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. . â€Å"Capital One Financial Corporation Market Cap. Ycharts. N. p. , 06 2012. Web. 6 Dec 2012. . â€Å"Core Deposits. † Investopedia US. United States: 2012.

An Overview of Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment is one of the biggest problems facing our schools and businesses today. A week rarely goes by without a reminder of the pervasiveness of sexual harassment as a social problem. Sexual harassment is a growing problem in the government agencies, schools, and the corporations of the world; however, many corporations are now adopting new anti-harassment policies. (Conta) The definition of sexual harassment is any unwanted or inappropriate sexual attention. That includes touching, looks, comments, or gestures. A key part of sexual harassment is that it is one sided and unwanted. There is a great difference between sexual arassment and romance or friendship, since those are mutual feelings of two people. Often sexual harassment makes the victim feel guilty, but it is important for the victim to remember that it is not their fault, the fault lies totally on the person who is the harasser. Many times fear is involved in sexual harassment because it isn't about physical attraction, it's about power. In fact, many sexual harassment incidents take place when one person is in a position of power over the other; or when a woman has an untraditional job such as a police officer, factory worker, business executive, or ny other traditionally male job. Typical victims of harassment are young, single, college-educated, members of a minority racial or ethnic group (if male), in a trainee position (or office/ clerical positions if male), or have an immediate supervisor of the opposite Presently, it is hard for courts and others to decide when sexual harassment has taken place because the definition of sexual harassment is much too broad. Clearing up the legal definition of sexual harassment would discourage and punish harassers and bring comfort to the victims. Here are some points to remember in deciding hen sexual harassment takes place: Sexual harassment is one-sided and * It is about power and not attraction. * Subtle sexual behavior is sometimes socially acceptable, but some would consider it offensive and want it stopped. * Moderate sexual behavior is not socially acceptable, reasonable * Severe sexual behavior is never acceptable. (Swisher 28) Sexual harassment is a major problem in public schools, colleges, and universities. Surveys on college campuses show the number of respondents reporting to have been sexually harassed ranging from 40-70 percent. Only two percent of campus harassment ases involve a professor demanding sex in return for a good grade. Most cases involve male and female students. In public schools current sexual harassment definitions are inappropriate, since bad sexual behavior of today's children isn't sexual harassment, but it is a reflection of the vulgar, violent, and the sexually explicit nature of our media and culture. When little six-year-old children get suspended from school for kissing girls on the cheek, it is not an example of sexual harassment but of political Sexual harassment is still a big problem in schools and every school district in Washington now has an antiharassment policy. Junior high or middle school has the biggest problem with sexual harassment mainly because of their immaturity and out-of-control hormones†. Says Viki Simmons of the YWCA. â€Å"Many times in high school, students don't think anything about it when harassment happens, but schools are now cracking down on it†. Simmons interview) In the business world employers are now on notice that sexual harassment will no longer be tolerated in the workplace. Claims brought against alleged harassers include wrongful termination, invasion of privacy, violation of due process and free speech rights, efamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Sexual harassment usually happens to women in low-paying jobs, or women that have to have a job in order to support themselves and children. If sexual harassment happens at work, write down a detailed description of what took place, so that it is well recorded and you don't have to think back to the incident. You should keep a note pad handy for this purpose, or write it on a napkin to help you * What actually took place and what the offender said Another way to do this is to write a letter to the harasser. Be sure to keep a copy. Tell the person clearly in the letter that his behavior toward you is unwanted. Tell the person that he will be reported if the behavior doesn't stop (Kolbert). According to the research group Catalyst, recent studies have found that 40 percent to 60 percent of woman say they have been harassed sometime in their Employers have a duty to investigate allegations of sexual harassment, and their employees have a legitimate interest in knowing what activities could result in their termination. Ever clearer definitions of sexual harassment are being implemented by more and more corporations around the country. As this happens, an increasing number of companies are searching for new ways of protecting themselves against allegations, adopting their own anti- harassment policies to combat this growing problem. CEO's should do a variety of things to stop sexual harassment in the work place. The most important thing is senior management makes it clear to workers that harassment in any form won't be tolerated. If top managers don' take the issues seriously, employees won't either. Managers must also understand they are responsible for their Companies need an explicit written policy on sexual arassment that is widely available in the workplace. Most consultants advise companies to do more than just post the policy on bulletin boards. They should distribute it company wide, repeatedly. Copies should be included in new employee orientation packets. Employees should have clear definitions of what sexual harassment is Many companies are now offering employee training sessions on sexual harassment, and many say that follow up training is a good idea. Training programs should include all employees, rather than just managers. The tone should be gender neutral and avoid heavy iscussions on male harassment that might cause some resentment among the male employees. Many times programs aren't effective because they spend a lot of time just attacking men and not the crime. Companies need a good system to deal with complaints. A clear process for handling complaints shows that a company takes them seriously. Until 1991 it was harder for woman to make allegations of sexual harassment, since woman felt like there was nothing that they could do about it. But the highly publicized hearings of Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill in 1991 changed everything. During the fall of 1991, the subject of sexual harassment rabbed news headlines. Everyone began discussing this issue and emotions ran high. Judge Clarence Thomas was nominated to be a Supreme Court Justice, which is America's highest court, and Supreme Court Justices have their jobs for life. They cannot be fired. Before a person can be made a Justice, he or she must be questioned and Judge Thomas was ounce the head of a U. S. agency called the EEOC. The EEOC makes sure everyone is treated fairly when applying for a job. It also enforces laws against sexual harassment. Anita Hill is a law professor who worked with Judge Thomas at the EEOC many years ago. A few weeks into the Congressional Questioning she came forward and accused Thomas of sexual harassment. She claimed that he used to constantly ask her for dates and spoke to her about pornographic films he had seen. Anita Hill said that she was deeply offended by these remarks but felt that she could not complain. Clarence Thomas was her boss, and she thought that her career could be Anita Hill was a very believable witness. But Judge Thomas denied her charges in the strongest possible terms. Who was telling the truth? The country was divided. But the issue was being discussed everywhere. Women from all across the nation told of their experiences with sexual harassment. And many men admitted being Finally, the senate voted to approve Judge Thomas. But the vote was close. Many senators had doubts about Thomas's character. Others did not the, Thomas's career should be destroyed because of one person's story. They said there was not enough evidence to prove there was wrongdoing. In the end, everyone agreed that sexual harassment is a serious problem everyone must become more sensitive It's important to know that men have trouble too. Women are not the only victims of sexual harassment. More and more men are being harassed in the workplace, classrooms, and locker rooms. Whoever is in the position of power tends to be the harasser. Men can be victims of both woman and other men Sexual harassment is very wide spread, but there are ways of avoiding it, such as: Keeping everything strictly on a business level. If working in the same room as the harasser, create a barrier between the two work stations with a desk or file cabinet, etc. Do not ask for personal favors or special treatment from the harasser so that he won't feel he is owed anything. Do not talk about anything personal.

Reading Habits

1 Findings FINDINGS 1. English is the most preferred language for reading; Mother tongue claimed the 2nd spot with 48% preferring to read in their mother tongue against 46% preferring Hindi. 2. Preferences of activities (PUMBA Vs Non-PUMBA) [where candidates were asked to rank their preferences on a 1-5 ranking scale] shows that: a. PUMBA candidates rank better on Reading and TV watching over other than PUMBA institutes. b. Other than PUMBA institutes rank higher on Music listening and chatting over the internet. . A large chunk of the sample population rate Chatting as the most preferred activity. d. The least preferred activity of the sample is Shopping. 3. Candidates aged: a. 20-23 are most interested in Entertainment b. 24-27 are most interested in Technology c. 28 + are most interested in Business 4. Areas of Interest (Work experience-wise): a. 80% of Freshers’ areas of interest lie in Entertainment b. 72% of Work experienced candidates’ area of interest lies in Bu siness and Technology both. 5. Intention to read: a. The general trend that is seen is that the candidate either male or female read to learn, to be informed and for academics. b. The data shows that for 15% of females read out of habit as against 5% male candidates. c. 40% males read for news, contrary to female populations’ 5%. Reading Trends Among Students Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune PUMBA 2 Findings 6. The Internet followed by friends/colleagues and Newspapers/magazines form the major sources of information about Reading material. 7. Sources of Reading Material a. 3% of the respondents from Institutes other than PUMBA source their reading material from Websites. b. A majority of candidates from PUMBA i. e. 85% of the candidates consider the Library as their main source of reading material. 8. The most popular strategy adopted to overcome difficult reading material is to ask others for help. 9. The two major hurdles in reading are Time and Surroundings. 10. A whopping 91% of the sample population adm it ‘Strain on the eyes’ as the biggest reason for not preferring E-Reading. 11. Accessibility and Economy are the biggest pros for E-Reading. 12. There are NO differences Graduation stream-wise in the time spent on reading but there are differences Age-wise in the time spent on reading. 13. There are NO differences gender-wise for the reading intention to learn. 14. There are differences gender-wise for the intention of reading to stimulate imagination. 15. There are NO Gender-wise differences in the total time spent on reading. Reading Trends Among Students Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune PUMBA

Racism in football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racism in football - Essay Example Racism in football has hinderer fair play, mutual respect, fraternity and peace needed for sports activities. Racism in football has caused public incitement to violent acts, hatred, enmity, public insults, dissemination of racist ideas, and symbols. Racism has caused serious violation of human dignity. Racism in the football matches has always found justices at the altar of emotional expression. Racism has made dirty the standards of football game. Let us look at some of the symbols of racism in football. Racism in football has its roots from the society. Racism in the football has manifested itself through public insults and violence that involves physical confrontation. Another very notable level of racial discrimination in the football game is the failure to acknowledge certain football players and other participants in the game, however much high in the game's ladder they climb. For instance, Arthur Wharton, a top professional for English club Preston North End in 1886, though bearing the title of the first Black Football player in an organized football, died poor and no trace of his activities records until recently when an acknowledgement of his activities came in form of a bibliography (Vasili 1997, p. 15). This was a vivid manifestation of racism in football. Football racism rampantly been manifested among the fans during a football match. This comes in form of flags. These are colourful and harmless club flags, but bear a very strong racial discriminatory message. This problem is common among fans supporting Italian, England, German, Holland and Norway football clubs. Other fans through objects at players they consider unworthy playing while the footballer is in the field. Some throw bananas and chant animal noises at black players. This aims at insulting the players that they belong to the bush and they are not different from the monkeys in the bush. Racism builds on skin colour as a physical indictor of ethnic origin. For instance, cases of trafficking young African footballers by the European football clubs is part of this colour based football racism. Racism in the football marches exists at two levels; overt racism and covert or institutionalized racism. Overt racism manifests through unfair treatment directed to migrants and ethnic minority groups with a weak position in a large society. Overt racism manifests in form of abuse to players from a certain race and display of anti-Semitic banners or chants characterized with stereotypic messages related to that particular race. Covert racism manifests in form of choice of players, referees and administrators in most European football clubs. For instance, there are very few members of the minority groups participating at the administration level of football clubs in Australia. Racial prejudice in football has social and psychological perspectives as it manifests itself from the fans' point of view. Racial discrimination in football games has been associated with fans' quest to settle old feuds, personal arguments and land disputes (Rationis 2009). Football hooliganism is associated with television casting of football marches. Football hooliganism relates with 'reclaiming of the football games by the working class.' Proletarianisation of the football game has had a great impact on the violent behaviour of the youth in the

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Anthropology - Essay Example The main reason why mating between different species is not encouraged is because the resulting offspring is usually not as fit as the parent species. However, this is not always the case if we take an example of the ancient man where the Homo sapiens and the Homo erectus interbred to produce viable offspring with a higher brain capacity (Douglas). Reproductive isolation mechanisms that exist make some individuals incapable of fertile interbreeding. This occurs when the interbreeding leads to offspring that are not viable. The word capable here means that the organisms are free and willing to mate naturally to reproduce. It is true that the anatomy of many organisms qualifies their ability or inability to mate. However, if there is no reproductive isolation, organisms of different species are capable of fertile interbreeding. The dog and the wolf are both from the same group, Canis, and they have the capability and desire to interbreed because they are closely related and their offspring are viable. For instance, taking the German Shepherds as an example, they are cross breed of dogs and wolves and they are known for their high intelligence, strength, and obedience training. An example of an infertile offspring is the mule- a result of the interbreeding between a horse and a donkey. This clearly shows that, fertile interbreedi ng between two distinct species should not be considered a surprise. This is because it does not matter whichever species two organisms come from as long as a fertile offspring is

Opportunistic Microbial Infections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Opportunistic Microbial Infections - Essay Example Opportunistic Infections Immmunocompromised patients are vulnerable to opportunistic infections caused by organisms of lower pathogenecity, besides being also susceptible to primary pathogens causing disease among immunocompetent hosts resistant to opportunistic infections. â€Å"Many opportunistic infections arise from the individual’s own flora or local environment†2, at or near the microbes’ normal sites of colonization. Hence, some normal flora species are associated with particular opportunistic infections. For example, Bacteroides fragilis is associated with abdominal infections, Staphylococcus epidermidis with catheter infections, and Escherichia coli with urinary tract infections3. Bacterial Opportunistic Infection Staphylococcus aureus causes the greatest number of pyodermas and soft tissue infections. It is not one of the cutaneous resident flora, however â€Å"it colonizes the anterior nares in up to 25% of healthy individuals at any one time and more than 50% of chronically ill individuals†4. ... Once established in the skin, S. aureus invades more deeply into the soft tissue resulting in erysipelas or horizontal spread in lymphatics, and cellulitis or vertical spread into subcutaneous fat. Further, â€Å"S. aureus is the most common cause of wound infections†5. Risk factors for surgical wound infections include host factors such as immune status, diabetes mellitus; surgical factors such as foreign body use and disruption of tissue perfusion accompanying surgical procedure; and staphylococcal factors such as substances that mediate tissue adherence and invasion, or that facilitate staphylococci surviving host defenses and antibiotics in tissues, and antimicrobial prophylaxis. Bacteremia can lead to deposition of S. aureus in the skin, resulting in â€Å"petechiae, hemorrhages, subcutaneous nodules, soft tissue infections, and pyomyositis†6. Parasitic Opportunistic Infection Some chronic parasitic infections that are reactivated in immunocomprised patients includ e those caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. Weakened cell-mediated immunity in pregnancy, during chemotherapy with corticosteroids, and in organ transplantation, may enable reactivation of toxoplasmosis and congenital infection7. Further, â€Å"S. stercoralis is able to cause autoinfection giving rise to chronic infestations in the immunocompetent†8. Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasite, and causes strongyloidiasis. The parasite uniquely carries out its entire life cycle within the human body. Hence, in immunocompromised patients, â€Å"strongyloidiasis can lead to a hyper infection syndrome with high morbidity and mortality due to the accelerated endogenous autoinfection†9. Strongyloidiasis that